Federal Law of Electronic Surveillance (ELSUR)

1. Resources:

a. (ELSUR) for Criminal Investigations:

i. Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Pub. L. No.1 90-351, 82 Stat.2 197 (1968), as amended, codified at 18 U.S.C.3 §§4 2510-2522 - primarily non-consensual intercepts.

ii. Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA), Pub. L. No. 99-508, 100 Stat. 1848 (2000), codified at 18 U.S.C. §§ 2701-2712 (Title II thereof sometimes referred to as the Stored Communications Act).

iii. Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), Pub. L. No. 103-414, 108 Stat. 4279 (1994), codified at 47 U.S.C. §§ 1001-1021.

iv. Pen register/trap & trace: 18 U.S.C. §§ 3121-3127.

v. Tracking devices: 18 U.S.C. § 3117 and Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure (FRCrP) 41. https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcrmp/rule_41 (accessed 2/20/17).

vi. Pole cameras: FRCrP 41.

vii. Related tool: subpoenas for telephone records, 21 U.S.C. § 876 (DEA); FRCrP 17c (grand jury).

viii. U.S. Attorneys' Manual (USAM) 9-7.000, https://www.justice.gov/usam/

usam-9-7000-electronic-surveillance (accessed 2/20/17) and related Criminal Resource Manual

(CRM) § 27 et seq.5, https://www.justice.gov/usam/criminal-resource-manual- 27-electronic -surveillance (accessed 4/16/17).

ix. Department of Justice (DOJ) ELSUR Manual - 2005, https://www.justice. gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2014/10/29/elec-sur-manual.pdf (accessed 2/20/17); dated but useful.

x. U.S. Code, http://uscode.house.gov/ (accessed 2/20/17).

xi. Statutes at Large, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/ (accessed 2/20/17).

xii. Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, https://www. federalrulesof criminal procedure.org/table-of-contents/ (accessed 2/20/17).

xiii. Legislative history: a partial legislative history for Title III, ECPA, and CALEA, may be found in, respectively: S.Rep. No. 1097, 90th Cong., 2d Sess. (1968), reprinted in 1968 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News6 (U.S.C.C.A.N.) 2112 (Title III); S.Rep. No. 541, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3555 (ECPA); and S.Rep. No. 402, 103d Cong., 2d Sess. (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3489 (CALEA).

xiv. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, https://leb.fbi.gov/in-each-issue/archive (accessed 2/20/17).

A. Pole Cameras and Surreptitious Surveillance, November 2009, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, M. Wesley Clark.

B. Searching Cell Phones Incident to Arrest, February 2009, FBI

Law Enforcement Bulletin, M. Wesley Clark.

xv. Cell Phones as Tracking Devices, 41 Valparaiso Univ. Law Rev. 14

1413 (2007), M. Wesley Clark.

xvi. Wiretapping & Eavesdropping: Surveillance in the Internet Age (3d ed.),

Clifford S. Fishman & Anne T. McKenna; Thompson Reuters.

xvii. The Law of Electronic Surveillance, James G. Carr et al.; Clark, Boardman, Callaghan (Thompson Reuters) - an excellent resource.

xviii. Google Scholar, https://scholar.google.com/ (accessed 2/20/17).

xix. Westlaw & Lexis/Nexis (online subscription legal research).
xx. Annual Title III Reports, http://www.uscourts.gov/statistics-reports/

analysis-reports/wiretap-reports (accessed 2/20/17).

2015 Report. "The number of federal and state wiretaps reported in 2015 increased 17 percent from 2014. A total of 4,148 wiretaps were reported as authorized in 2015, with 1,403 authorized by federal judges and 2,745 authorized by state judges. Compared to the applications approved during 2014, the number approved by federal judges increased 10 percent in 2015, and the number approved by state judges increased 21 percent. No wiretap applications were reported as denied in 2015. . . . Telephone wiretaps accounted for 94 percent (2,578 cases) of the intercepts installed in 2015, the majority of them involving cellular telephones."

b. FISA

i. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA), Pub. L. No. 95-511, 92 Stat. 1783, as amended, codified at 50 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq.

ii. Federation of American Scientists website, https://fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/ (accessed 2/20/17).